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dc.contributor.authorWilkins, Alistair L.
dc.contributor.authorRundberget, Thomas
dc.contributor.authorSandvik, Morten
dc.contributor.authorRise, Frode
dc.contributor.authorKnudsen, Brent K.
dc.contributor.authorKilcoyne, Jane
dc.contributor.authorReguera, Beatriz
dc.contributor.authorRial, Pilar
dc.contributor.authorWright, Elliot J.
dc.contributor.authorGiddings, Sabrina D.
dc.contributor.authorBoundy, Michael J.
dc.contributor.authorRafuse, Cheryl
dc.contributor.authorMiles, Christopher O.
dc.date.accessioned2021-09-02T09:04:02Z
dc.date.available2021-09-02T09:04:02Z
dc.date.created2021-07-23T11:01:02Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.identifier.citationToxins. 2021, 13(8), 510.en_US
dc.identifier.issn2072-6651
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11250/2772481
dc.description.abstractTwo high-mass polar compounds were observed in aqueous side-fractions from the purification of okadaic acid (1) and dinophysistoxin-2 (2) from Dinophysis blooms in Spain and Norway. These were isolated and shown to be 24-O-β-d-glucosides of 1 and 2 (4 and 5, respectively) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and enzymatic hydrolysis. These, together with standards of 1, 2, dinophysistoxin-1 (3), and a synthetic specimen of 7-deoxy-1 (7), combined with an understanding of their mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns, were then used to identify 1–5, the 24-O-β-d-glucoside of dinophysistoxin-1 (6), 7, 7-deoxy-2 (8), and 7-deoxy-3 (9) in a range of extracts from Dinophysis blooms, Dinophysis cultures, and contaminated shellfish from Spain, Norway, Ireland, Canada, and New Zealand. A range of Prorocentrum lima cultures was also examined by liquid chromatography–high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS/MS) and was found to contain 1, 3, 7, and 9. However, although 4–6 were not detected in these cultures, low levels of putative glycosides with the same exact masses as 4 and 6 were present. The potential implications of these findings for the toxicology, metabolism, and biosynthesis of the okadaic acid group of marine biotoxins are briefly discussed.en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherMDPIen_US
dc.rightsNavngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.no*
dc.titleIdentification of 24-O-β-d-Glycosides and 7-Deoxy-Analogues of Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxin-1 and -2 in Extracts from Dinophysis Blooms, Dinophysis and Prorocentrum Cultures, and Shellfish in Europe, North America and Australasiaen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.description.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.rights.holder© 2021 by the authors.en_US
dc.source.pagenumber26en_US
dc.source.volume13en_US
dc.source.journalToxinsen_US
dc.source.issue8en_US
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080510
dc.identifier.cristin1922469
dc.source.articlenumber510en_US
cristin.ispublishedtrue
cristin.fulltextoriginal
cristin.qualitycode1


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Navngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Navngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal