Comparing total and accessible concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants in sediments and suspended particulate matter in the Danube River

Abstract

Contamination of aquatic ecosystems by hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) is often assessed based on their concentrations in riverbed sediment and suspended particulate matter (SPM). However, total HOC concentration (CTOT) in sediment or SPM is of limited value for evaluating the exposure of benthic or pelagic organisms. The accessible HOC concentration (CAS) presents a useful parameter quantifying the overall pool of HOC in sediment or SPM available for fast partitioning to the water phase or biota. We applied a novel approach of ex situ sequential equilibrium partitioning with silicone elastomer sampler at a high sampler/SPM phase ratio to measure CAS of HOC in SPM from the Danube River. We compared CTOT and CAS in SPM and surface layer sediment collected at the same sites to evaluate whether HOC monitoring in the two matrices provides equivalent information on environmental quality. At most sites, there was a good agreement and correlation of organic carbon (OC)-normalised CTOT in SPM and sediment for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the majority of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). In contrast, CTOT of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in SPM were up to a factor 10 lower in SPM than in sediment. Site-specific differences of OC-normalised CAS concentrations in SPM and sediments were observed for PCBs and OCPs, with accessibility mostly lower in SPM than in sediment. The highest accessibility in SPM was observed for PCBs, ranging between 15 and 30%. The accessibility of OCPs varied from 0 to 23%. SPM and riverbed sediment samples provide complementary but not mutually interchangeable information on HOC contamination.